Which theologian's beliefs include predestination and the sovereignty of God, along with emphasis on Scripture and church-state cooperation?

• A. Lutheranism
• B. Calvinism
• C. Anglicanism
• D. Anabaptism

Answer: (B)

This item tests a tradition that ties God’s ultimate control over salvation to a strong scriptural authority and a formal partnership between church and state. Predestination and the sovereignty of God are central ideas, signaling that God governs all events and determines who is saved. At the same time, an emphasis on Scripture as the ultimate rule for doctrine and life anchors this tradition in biblical authority. The idea of church-state cooperation is also a hallmark: civil authorities cooperate with church leadership to maintain order and enforce church discipline, reflecting a close-knit relationship between church and civil government.

These elements—divine sovereignty with predestination, scripture as the authoritative guide, and a formal link between church and state—are most closely associated with Calvinism. Other options lean in different directions: Lutheranism centers on justification by faith and grace, with less emphasis on predestination as a defining feature and often a different stance toward state involvement; Anglicanism blends reform with tradition and a range of practices; Anabaptism emphasizes separation of church and state and often rejects civil authority in church matters.