How do dual federalism and cooperative (marble cake) federalism differ in theory and practice?

• A. Dual federalism envisions intertwined, jointly administered programs.
• B. Dual federalism envisions separate national and state spheres; cooperative envisions intertwined, jointly administered programs and policies.
• C. Dual federalism emphasizes total national control; cooperative emphasizes total state control.
• D. They are identical in theory and practice.

Answer: (B)